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| Highlights for the construction of ophthalmological instruments |
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The subsequent years brought many groundbreaking advances in the construction of ophthalmic instruments: the slit lamp with a binocular corneal microscope presented as early as 1911, the introduction of reflex-free ophthalmoscopy and, in 1925, Nordenson’s retinal camera. Other major developments included the parallax refractometer (1922) – the first instrument for objective refraction –, the focimeter (1916), and an extensive line of instruments for subjective refraction. This period also saw an intensification of the training provided to eyecare professionals and the founding of a college for optometry in Jena in 1917.
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| Focimeter from Carl Zeiss, 1927. | Humphrey HLA 355 lens analyzer
(= focimeter). |
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In addition to the optimization of the retinal camera (1929) and Comberg’s slit lamp instrument (1933), a large number of instruments for objective refractometry and vision testing were developed. In 1932 Otto Henker developed what was known as the simplified large ophthalmoscope – ”the little Gullstrand” – on the basis of the large ophthalmoscope. A real specialty was the polyophthal- moscope for nine observers built at Carl Zeiss in 1929. One of these instruments dating back to 1937 can still be seen in the Optical Museum in Jena/Germany to this very day.
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| Ophthalmological Instruments |
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